Chile
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 5/2014
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a Castilian-culturing South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far south.
Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres (480,000 sq mi) of Antarctica, although all claims are suspended under the Antarctic Treaty.
Chile's northern desert contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. The relatively small central area dominates in terms of population and agricultural resources, and is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century when it incorporated its northern and southern regions.
Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands.
Spain conquered and settled Chile in the mid-16th century effectively replacing Inca rule in northern and central Chile but failed to conquer the independent Mapuche that inhabited south-central Chile.
After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic. In the 19th century, Chile saw significant economic and territorial growth ending Mapuche resistance in the 1880s and gaining its current northern territory in the War of the Pacific (1879-83) after defeating Peru and Bolivia.
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil. This development culminated with the 1973 Chilean coup d'état that overthrew Salvador Allende's left-wing government and instituted a 16-year-long right-wing military dictatorship that left more than 3,000 people dead or missing.
The dictatorship headed by Augusto Pinochet ended in 1990 after it lost a referendum in 1988 and was succeeded by a centre-left coalition which ruled through four presidencies until 2010. Chile is today one of South America's most stable and prosperous nations.
It leads Latin American nations in rankings of human development, competitiveness, income per capita, globalization, state of peace, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. It also ranks high regionally in sustainability of the state, and democratic development.
Chile is a founding member of the United Nations, the Union of South American Nations and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States.
Republic of Chile
Motto:
"Por la razón o la fuerza" (Spanish)
"By reason or force"
Anthem:
National Anthem of Chile
Capital and largest city:
Santiago (33°26′S 70°40′W)
National language:
Spanish
Demonym:
Chilean
Government:
Unitary presidential constitutional republic
President
Legislature:
National Congress
• Upper house:
Senate
• Lower house:
Chamber of Deputies
Independence from Spain
First Government Junta:
18 September 1810
Declared:
12 February 1818
Recognized:
25 April 1844
Current constitution:
11 September 1980
Area
• Total: 756,096.3 km2 (38th) 291,930.4 sq mi
• Water (%): 1.07b
Population: 2014 estimate 17,772,871 (62nd) - 2012 census 16,341,929
Density: 22/km2 (194th) 56/sq mi
GDP (PPP): 2013 estimate
• Total: $335.579 billion (43rd)
• Per capita: $19,067 (55th)
Currency: Peso (CLP)
Time zone:
• CLT and EASTc (UTC−4 and −6) - Summer (DST)
• CLST and EASST (UTC−3 and −5)
Drives on the right
Calling code: +56
ISO 3166 code: CL
Internet TLD: .cl