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‪Russia‬
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia 5/2014


Russia, also officially known as the Russian Federation, is a country situated in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic. 

From northwest to southeast, Russia shares land borders with Norway, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland (both with Kaliningrad Oblast), Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, Mongolia, and North Korea. 

It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the U.S. state of Alaska across the Bering Strait and Canada's Arctic islands. At 17,075,400 square kilometres (6,592,800 sq mi), Russia is the largest country in the world, covering more than one-eighth of the Earth's inhabited land area. 

Russia is also the world's ninth most populous nation with 143 million people as of 2012. Extending across the entirety of northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans nine time zones and incorporates a wide range of environments and landforms.

The nation's history began with that of the East Slavs, who emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD.

Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, the medieval state of Rus arose in the 9th century. In 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium.

Rus' ultimately disintegrated into a number of smaller states; most of the Rus' lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion and became tributaries of the nomadic Golden Horde.

The Grand Duchy of Moscow gradually reunified the surrounding Russian principalities, achieved independence from the Golden Horde, and came to dominate the cultural and political legacy of Kievan Rus'

By the 18th century, the nation had greatly expanded through conquest, annexation, and exploration to become the Russian Empire, which was the third largest empire in history, stretching from Poland in Europe to Alaska in North America.

Following the Russian Revolution, the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic became the largest and leading constituent of the Soviet Union, the world's first constitutionally socialist state and a recognized superpower, which played a decisive role in the Allied victory in World War II.

The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the world's first human-made satellite, and the first man in space

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Russian SFSR reconstituted itself as the Russian Federation and is recognized as the continuing legal personality of the Union state.

The Russian economy ranks as the eighth largest by nominal GDP and fifth largest by purchasing power parity.

Russia's extensive mineral and energy resources, the largest reserves in the world, have made it one of the largest producers of oil and natural gas globally.

The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction.

Russia is a great power and a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council, a member of the G20, the Council of Europe, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, the Eurasian Economic Community, the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and the World Trade Organisation (WTO) and the leading member of the Commonwealth of Independent States.


Russian Federation
Российская Федерация


Anthem: 
"Государственный гимн Российской Федерации"
"State Anthem of the Russian Federation"

Capital and largest city: 
Moscow (55°45′N 37°37′E)

Official languages:
• Russian official throughout the country
• 27 other languages co-official in various regions

Ethnic groups (2010)
• 81.0% Russian
•  3.7% Tatar
•  1.4% Ukrainian
•  1.1% Bashkir
•  1.0% Chuvash
•  0.8% Chechen
• 11.0% others / unspecified

Demonym:
Russians (Rossiyane)

Government:
Federal semi-presidential constitutional republic
• President
• Prime Minister
• Chairman of the Federation Council 
• Chairman of the State Duma

Legislature:
Federal Assembly
• Upper house:
Federation Council
• Lower house:
State Duma

 

Formation

Arrival of Rurik, 
(considered as a foundation event by the Russian authorities:
862 

Kievan Rus':
882 

Grand Duchy of Moscow:
1283 

Tsardom of Russia:
16 January 1547 

Russian Empire:
22 October 1721 

Russian SFSR:
6 November 1917 

Soviet Union:
10 December 1922 

Russian Federation:
25 December 1991 

Adoption of the current Constitution of Russia:
12 December 1993 

Area
Total: 
• 17,098,242 (Crimea not included) km2 (1st)
• 6,592,800 (Crimea not included) sq mi
Water (%): 13 (including swamps)

Population: 2014 estimate 143,700,000 (9th)
Density: 8.4/km2 (217th) 21.5/sq mi

GDP (PPP): 2013 estimate
• Total: $2.556 trillion (6th)
• Per capita: $17,884 (57th)

Currency: Russian ruble (RUB)
Time zone: (UTC+3 to +12a)
Date format: dd.mm.yyyy
Drives on the right
Calling code: +7
ISO 3166 code: RU
Internet TLD: .ru / .su