Netherlands
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 5/2014
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, consisting of twelve provinces in western Europe and three islands in the Caribbean.
The European part of the Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east; and shares maritime borders with Belgium, Germany and the United Kingdom.
The netherlands was one of the first countries in the world to have an elected parliament, and is governd as a paliamentary democracy organised as a unitary state.
The capital city of the Netherlands, mandated by the constitution, is Amsterdam; however, the seat of government is located in The Hague.
The Netherlands is a geographically low-lying country, with about 20% of its area and 21% of its population located below sea level, and 50% of its land lying less than one metre above sea level.
This distinct feature contributes to the country's name: in Dutch (Nederland), English, and many other European languages, its name literally means "Low Land" or "Low Country."
Most of the areas below sea level are man-made, caused by centuries of extensive and poorly controlled peat extraction that lowered the surface by several metres.
Even in flooded areas, peat extraction continued through turf dredging.
Beginning in the late 16th century, land reclamation started and large polder areas are now preserved through elaborate drainage systems that include dikes, canals and pumping stations.
Nearly 17% of the country's land area is reclaimed from the sea.
Much of the Netherlands is formed by the estuary of three important European rivers, which together with their distributaries form the Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt delta.
Most of the country is very flat, with the exception of foothills in the far southeast and several low hill ranges in the central parts.
The Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, G-10, NATO, OECD, WTO and a part of the trilateral Benelux economic union.
The country is host to the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons and five international courts: the Permanent Court of Arbitration, the International Court of Justice, the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, the International Criminal Court and the Special Tribunal for Lebanon.
The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EU's criminal intelligence agency Europol and judicial co-operation agency Eurojust. This has led to the city being dubbed "the world's legal capital".
The Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom.
It had the tenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2011.
In May 2011, the Netherlands was ranked as the "happiest" country in the world according to the OECD, reflecting its high standard of living.
Netherlands
Motto: "Je maintiendrai" (French)
"Ik zal handhaven" (Dutch)
"I will uphold"[nb 1]
Anthem: "Wilhelmus" (Dutch)
"'William"
Capital and largest city:
Amsterdam (52°22′N 4°53′E)
Official languages:
Dutch
Recognised regional languages:
• West Frisian (Friesland)
• Limburgish (Limburg)
• Dutch Low Saxon (North-east)
• English (Sint Eustatius/Saba)
• Papiamento (Bonaire)[nb 3]
Ethnic groups: (2008)
• 80.7% Dutch
• 5% other EU
• 2.4% Indonesians
• 2.2% Turks
• 2% Moroccans
• 2% Surinamese
• 0.8% Caribbean
• 4.8% others
Demonym: Dutch
Sovereign state:
Kingdom of the Netherlands
Government:
Unitary parliamentary democracy under constitutional monarchy
• Monarch: Willem-Alexander
• Prime Minister
Legislature:
States General
• Upper house: Senate
• Lower house: House of Representatives
Independence from the Spanish Empire:
Declared: 26 July 1581
Recognised: 30 January 1648
Kingdom of the Netherlands:
16 March 1815
Formation of constituent country:
15 December 1954
Founded the EEC (now the EU)
1 January 1958
Area:
• Total: 41,543 km2 (134th) 16,039 sq mi
• Water (%): 18.41
Population: 2014 estimate 16,819,595 (63rd)
Density: 405.6/km2 (24th) 1,050.4/sq mi
GDP (PPP): 2014 estimate
• Total: $717.146 billion (23rd)
• Per capita: $42,586 (12th)
Currency: Euro (EUR) US dollar (USD)
Time zone:
CET (UTC+1) AST (UTC-4) - Summer (DST)
CEST (UTC+2) AST (UTC-4)
Date format: dd-mm-yyyy
Drives on the right
Calling code: +31
ISO 3166 code: NL
Internet TLD: .nl